Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Randia dumetorum leaf extracts: Characterization, and assessment of biosensing activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/fujcV14I1P56-70Keywords:
Green production, Randia dumetorum, Sensitivity, Thiourea sensing, Ag-NPs/GCEAbstract
This work emphasized the green production of silver nanoparticles employing Randia dumetorum leaf extract under alkaline conditions at room temperature. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation with a surface plasmon resonance band at 435 nm. SEM-EDX revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs, and XRD confirmed their crystalline nature with a mean crystallite size of 14.5 nm. In addition, an AgNP-modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPs/GCE) was developed for thiourea sensing, exhibiting excellent sensitivity (6.329 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²), linearity (0.02–0.4 µM), and low detection limits (0.0263/0.087 µM). Analysis of real water samples yielded ~99% recovery, demonstrating the sensor’s reliability for practical thiourea monitoring.
References
Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2019;12(7):908-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011
Ajitha B, Ashok Kumar Reddy Y, Sreedhara Reddy P. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2015;49:373-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.035
Greathead H. Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2003;62(2):279-290. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns2002197
Shankar S, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M. Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core–Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2004;275(2):496-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.003
Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods. Res Pharm Sci. 2014;9(6):385-406
Narayanan K, Sakthivel N. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2010;156(1-2):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.02.001
Schneidewind H, Schüler T, Strelau K, Weber K, Cialla D, Diegel M, Mattheis R, Berger A, Möller R, Popp J. The morphology of silver nanoparticles prepared by enzyme-induced reduction. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2012;3:404-414. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.47
Sulaiman G, Mohammed W, Marzoog T, Al-Amiery A, Kadhum A, Mohamad A. Green synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013;3(1):58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60024-6
Vimalanathan AB, Tyagi V, Rajesh A, Devanand P, Tyagi MG. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chinese white ginseng plant root Panax ginseng. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;4(7):2716-2725.
Kouvaris P, Delimitis A, Zaspalis V, Papadopoulos D, Tsipas S, Michailidis N. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles produced using Arbutus Unedo leaf extract. Materials Letters 2012;76:18-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.025
Kumar V, Yadav S. Plant‐mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their applications. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 2008;84(2):151-157. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2023
Ansar S, Tabassum H, Aladwan N, Naiman Ali M, Almaarik B, AlMahrouqi S, Abudawood M, Banu N, Alsubki R. Eco friendly silver nanoparticles synthesis by Brassica oleracea and its antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1):. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74371-8
Contreras EQ. Investigating the biological impacts of nanoengineered materials in Caenorhabditis elegans and in vitro. Rice University; 2012.
Ojemaye M, Okoh S, Okoh A. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) facilitated by plant parts of Crataegus ambigua Becker AK extracts and their antibacterial, antioxidant and antimalarial activities. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 2020;14(1):51-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2020.1861344
Zhao Y, Fan M, Zhou W, Li Y, Wang Y, Xiu Z, Gao B. Speciation, controlling steps and pathways of silver release from the sludge generated from coagulation of wastewater spiked with silver nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2021;282:131093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131093
Khan J, Chandra J, Xalxo R, Korram J, Satnami M, Keshavkant S. Amelioration of Ageing Associated Alterations and Oxidative Inequity in Seeds of Cicer arietinum by Silver Nanoparticles. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2020;40(3):1341-1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10193-2
Akintelu S, Olugbeko S, Folorunso A, Oyebamiji A, Folorunso F. Potentials of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles in biomedical fields: a review. International Nano Letters 2021;11(3):273-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-021-00341-1
Ajitha B, Ahn C, Yadav P, Reddy Y. Silver nanoparticle embedded polymethacrylic acid/ polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers for catalytic application. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021;9(5):106291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106291
Jiang C, Bai Z, Yuan F, Ruan Z, Wang W. A colorimetric sensor based on Glutathione-AgNPs as peroxidase mimetics for the sensitive detection of Thiamine (Vitamin B1). Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2022;265:120348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2021.120348
Safavi A, Ahmadi R, Mahyari F, Tohidi M. Electrocatalytic oxidation of thiourea on graphene nanosheets–Ag nanoparticles hybrid ionic liquid electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2015;207:668-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.057
Rahman M, Ahmed J, Asiri A. Thiourea sensor development based on hydrothermally prepared CMO nanoparticles for environmental safety. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2018;99:586-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.039
Subhan M, Jhuma S, Saha P, Ahmed J, Asiri A, Rifat T, Raihan T, Azad A, Rahman M. Photocatalysis, enhanced anti-bacterial performance and discerning thiourea sensing of Ag2O·SnO2·TiO2 hetero-structure. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2020;8(4):104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104051
Sahu S, Rani Sahoo P, Patel S, Mishra B. Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review. Journal of Sulfur Chemistry 2011;32(2):171-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/17415993.2010.550294
Chen C, Zhao D, Sun J, Yang X. A dual-mode signaling response of a AuNP-fluorescein based probe for specific detection of thiourea. The Analyst 2016;141(8):2581-2587. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6an00165c
Smyth M, Osteryoung J. Determination of some thiourea-containing pesticides by pulse voltammetric methods of analysis. Analytical Chemistry 1977;49(14):2310-2314. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50022a050
Spataru N, Spataru T, Fujishima A. Voltammetric Determination of Thiourea at Conductive Diamond Electrodes. Electroanalysis 2005;17(9):800-805. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200403139
Jodan I, Wantala K, Amini N, Shahmoradi B, Ghaslani M, Lee S, Yang J, Puttaiah S. Fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Ag nanoparticles and alizarin yellow polymer: Application to the detection of an environmental pollutant thiourea. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020;37(9):1609-1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0561-y
Abbasi S, Khani H, Gholivand M, Naghipour A, Farmany A, Abbasi F. A kinetic method for the determination of thiourea by its catalytic effect in micellar media. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2009;72(2):327-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.09.029
Wang W, Dong Z, Yang C, Li G, Tse Y, Leung C, Ma D. An iridium(III) complex-based chemosensor for the detection of thiourea in living cells. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2017;251:374-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.05.100
Abbasi S, Khani H, Hosseinzadeh L, Safari Z. Determination of thiourea in fruit juice by a kinetic spectrophotometric method. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010;174(1-3):257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.045
Amin D. Determination of thiourea, phenylthiourea and allythiourea with iodine. The Analyst 1985;110(2):215. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9851000215
Bowley H, Crathorne E, Gerrard D. Quantitative determination of thiourea in aqueous solution in the presence of sulphur dioxide by Raman spectroscopy. The Analyst 1986;111(5):539. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9861100539
Rethmeier J, Neumann G, Stumpf C, Rabenstein A, Vogt C. Determination of low thiourea concentrations in industrial process water and natural samples using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2001;934(1-2):129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01289-4
Kargosha K, Khanmohammadi M, Ghadiri M. Vapour phase Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of thiourea. The Analyst 2001;126(8):1432-1435. https://doi.org/10.1039/b102354n
Shahzad U, Marwani H, Rabbee M, Alfaifi S, Alzahrani K, Khan M, Rahman M. Efficient sensitive detection of nitrite with Binary Y/Fe-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite by electrochemical approaches. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2024;328:130000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130000
Saeed M, Marwani H, Shalauddin M, Alfaifi S, Akhter S, Alzahrani K, Jefrey Basirun W, Rahman M. Sensitive detection of unsafe nitrite chemical based on GO@Fe2O3/Y2O3 nanocomposite by electrochemical approach for environmental assessment. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2025;144:552-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.09.054
Jodan I, Wantala K, Amini N, Shahmoradi B, Ghaslani M, Lee S, Yang J, Puttaiah S. Fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Ag nanoparticles and alizarin yellow polymer: Application to the detection of an environmental pollutant thiourea. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020;37(9):1609-1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0561-y
Rashed M, Ahmed J, Faisal M, Alsareii S, Jalalah M, Harraz F. Highly sensitive and selective thiourea electrochemical sensor based on novel silver nanoparticles/chitosan nanocomposite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2022;644:128879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128879
Khaleque M, Hossain M, Ali M, Bacchu M, Saad Aly M, Khan M. Nanostructured wearable electrochemical and biosensor towards healthcare management: a review. RSC Advances 2023;13(33):22973-22997. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra03440b
Patel LD. Phytopharmacological properties of Randia dumetorum as a potential medicinal tree: an overview. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2011:24-6.
Panáček A, Kvítek L, Prucek R, Kolář M, Večeřová R, Pizúrová N, Sharma V, Nevěčná T, Zbořil R. Silver Colloid Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Antibacterial Activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2006;110(33):16248-16253. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp063826h
Sharma V, Yngard R, Lin Y. Silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2009;145(1-2):83-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.002
Garza-Navarro M, Aguirre-Rosales J, Llanas-Vázquez E, Moreno-Cortez I, Torres-Castro A, González-González V. Totally Ecofriendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Aqueous Dissolutions of Polysaccharides. International Journal of Polymer Science 2013;2013:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/436021
Kajani A, Bordbar A, Zarkesh Esfahani S, Khosropour A, Razmjou A. Green synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles with potent anticancer activity using Taxus baccata extract. RSC Adv. 2014;4(106):61394-61403. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08758e
Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen S. Completely “Green” Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2003;125(46):13940-13941. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja029267j
Ajitha B, Ashok Kumar Reddy Y, Sreedhara Reddy P. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2014;128:257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.105
Kamble PS, Shinde PB, Patil SA. Green Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles from Solanum torvum and its Antibacterial Potential. Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol. 2022; 7:1176-86.
Anandalakshmi K, Venugobal J, Ramasamy V. Characterization of silver nanoparticles by green synthesis method using Pedalium murex leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Applied Nanoscience 2015;6(3):399-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0449-z
Dare E, Oseghale C, Labulo A, Adesuji E, Elemike E, Onwuka J, Bamgbose J. Green synthesis and growth kinetics of nanosilver under bio-diversified plant extracts influence. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 2014;5(1):85-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-014-0139-5
Lee JW, Mho SI, Yeo IH. Flow injective determination of thiourea by amperometry. Bulletin-Korean Chemical Society 1994;15:1038-42.
Manea F, Radovan C, Schoonman J. Amperometric determination of thiourea in alkaline media on a copper oxide–copper electrode. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2006;36(10):1075-1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-006-9152-9
Khaleque M, Ali M, Bacchu M, Mamun M, Hossain M, Hossain M, Aly Saad Aly M, Khan M. Zinc oxide nanorod/rutin modified electrode for the detection of Thiourea in real samples. Heliyon 2023;9(10):e20676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20676
Shahzad U, Marwani H, Akhter S, Shalauddin M, Alfaifi S, Basirun W, Rabbee M, Rahman M. Y/Co-MWCNT nanocomposite conjugated Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode for sensitive detection of thiourea chemical by electrochemical approach. Surfaces and Interfaces 2024;55:105466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105466
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The French‑Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry holds copyright and publishes all articles under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
This license permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided that the original author(s) and source are credited, a link to the license is included, and any changes made are indicated.
Authors grant the French‑Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry the exclusive right of first publication and may enter into separate, non‑exclusive distribution agreements for the published version (e.g., institutional repository, book chapter). Authors are also encouraged to post pre‑prints and post‑prints online to increase visibility and citation.
